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Emotion Regulation in Romantic Relationships: The Cognitive Consequences of Concealing Feelings

University of Washington richards{at}psych.utexas.edu

Emily A. Butler

James J. Gross

Stanford University

People frequently regulate the emotions that arise during tense social interactions. Common regulation strategies include cognitive reappraisal, which involves interpreting a situation in positive terms, and expressive suppression, which involves inhibiting overt signs of inner emotional states. According to our analysis, during tense social interactions reappraisal should (i) increase memory for what was said, whereas suppression should (ii) decrease memory for what was said, and (iii) increase memory for emotions. To test these predictions, we experimentally manipulated reappraisal and suppression in dating couples as they discussed a relationship conflict. As predicted, memory for conversation utterances was increased by reappraisal and decreased by suppression, and memory for emotional reactions was increased by suppression. Self-monitoring mediated the effect of suppression on memory for emotional reactions, but not for conversation utterances. These findings suggest that, if it is important to preserve the fidelity of cognitive functioning during emotionally trying social interactions, some forms of emotion regulation may have more to recommend them than others.

Key Words: affect • conflict • conversation • emotion • interpersonal • memory • regulation

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 20, No. 5, 599-620 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/02654075030205002


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				E. A. Butler and J. J. Gross Emotion and Emotion Regulation: Integrating Individual and Social Levels of Analysis Emotion Review, January 1, 2009; 1(1): 86 - 87. [Abstract] [PDF]