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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
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Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study

Nancy E. Newall

University of Manitoba, N_Newall{at}umanitoba.ca

Judith G. Chipperfield

University of Manitoba

Rodney A. Clifton

University of Manitoba

Raymond P. Perry

University of Manitoba

Audrey U. Swift

University of Manitoba

Joelle C. Ruthig

University of North Dakota

Loneliness can be seen as a social failure subject to causal search: Why am I lonely? Why do I lack friends? According to attribution theory, answers to these questions can influence emotions, motivation, and behaviours. This study examined the relationships between various affiliative causal beliefs (i.e., beliefs about loneliness and friendship development), social participation, and loneliness among older adults (72+ years). Cross-sectional and longitudinal (over five years) results showed that more strongly endorsing internal/controllable causal beliefs (i.e., believing that making friends depends on effort) related to greater social participation. Moreover, greater social participation related to less loneliness. External/uncontrollable causal beliefs predicted greater loneliness. In fully addressing loneliness, it may be important to focus on people's causal beliefs.

Key Words: attribution theory • causal attributions • health • loneliness • social participation

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 26, No. 2-3, 273-290 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0265407509106718
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