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Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective
Kim Bartholomew
Stanford University
A basic principle of attachment theory is that early attachment relationships with caregivers provide the prototype for later social relations. Working within an attachment framework, a new 4-group model of characteristic attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. In particular, two forms of adult avoidance of intimacy are differentiated: a fearful style that is characterized by a conscious desire for social contact which is inhibited by fears of its consequences, and a dismissing style that is characterized by a defensive denial of the need or desire for greater social contact. This distinction corresponds to two differing models of the self: people who fearfully avoid intimacy view themselves as undeserving of the love and support of others, and people who dismiss intimacy possess a positive model of the self that minimizes the subjective awareness of distress or social needs. The emotional and interpersonal ramifications of the two proposed styles of adult avoidance are discussed.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 7, No. 2,
147-178 (1990)
DOI: 10.1177/0265407590072001
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October 1, 1997;
14(5):
707 - 716.
[Abstract]
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T. E. Becker, R. S. Billings, D. M. Eveleth, and N. W. Gilbert
Validity of Scores on Three Attachment Style Scales: Exploratory and Confirmatory Evidence
Educational and Psychological Measurement,
June 1, 1997;
57(3):
477 - 493.
[Abstract]
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S. M. HUDSON and T. WARD
Intimacy, Loneliness, and Attachment Style in Sexual Offenders
J Interpers Violence,
June 1, 1997;
12(3):
323 - 339.
[Abstract]
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D. Byrne
An Overview (and Underview) of Research and Theory within the Attraction Paradigm
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
June 1, 1997;
14(3):
417 - 431.
[Abstract]
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K. Sanford
Two Dimensions of Adult Attachment: Further Validation
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
February 1, 1997;
14(1):
133 - 143.
[Abstract]
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K. A. Brennan and K. A. Morns
Attachment Styles, Self-Esteem, and Patterns of Seeking Feedback from Romantic Partners
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
January 1, 1997;
23(1):
23 - 31.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. D. Sherman and M. H. Thelen
Fear of Intimacy Scale: Validation and Extension with Adolescents
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
November 1, 1996;
13(4):
507 - 521.
[Abstract]
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P. R. Shaver, D. Papalia, C. L. Clark, L. R. Koski, M. C. Tidwell, and D. Nalbone
Androgyny and Attachment Security: Two Related Models of Optimal Personality
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
June 1, 1996;
22(6):
582 - 597.
[Abstract]
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H. Latty-Mann and K. E. Davis
Attachment Theory and Partner Choice: Preference and Actuality
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
February 1, 1996;
13(1):
5 - 23.
[Abstract]
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E. Scharfe and K. Bartholomew
Accommodation and Attachment Representations in Young Couples
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
August 1, 1995;
12(3):
389 - 401.
[Abstract]
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F. G. Lopez
Contemporary Attachment Theory: An Introduction with Implications for Counseling Psychology
The Counseling Psychologist,
July 1, 1995;
23(3):
395 - 415.
[Abstract]
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P. R. Shaver and A. J. Norman
Attachment Theory and Counseling Psychology: A Commentary
The Counseling Psychologist,
July 1, 1995;
23(3):
491 - 500.
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K. A. Brennan and P. R. Shaver
Dimensions of Adult Attachment, Affect Regulation, and Romantic Relationship Functioning
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
March 1, 1995;
21(3):
267 - 283.
[Abstract]
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D. J. Sharpsteen
The Effects of Relationship and Self-Esteem Threats on the Likelihood of Romantic Jealousy
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
February 1, 1995;
12(1):
89 - 101.
[Abstract]
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T. Ward, S. M. Hudson, W. L. Marshall, and R. Siegert
Attachment Style and Intimacy Deficits in Sexual Offenders: A Theoretical Framework
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,
January 1, 1995;
7(4):
317 - 335.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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A. B. Doyle, D. Markiewicz, and C. Hardy
Mothers' and Children's Friendships: Intergenerational Associations
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
August 1, 1994;
11(3):
363 - 377.
[Abstract]
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J. Birtchnell
The Interpersonal Octagon: An Alternative to the Interpersonal Circle
Human Relations,
May 1, 1994;
47(5):
511 - 529.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. P. R. Keelan, K. L. Dion, and K. K. Dion
Atiachment Style and Heterosexual Relationships among Young Adults: A Short-Term Panel Study
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
May 1, 1994;
11(2):
201 - 214.
[Abstract]
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